Who Freed the Slaves?

The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment

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  • In
  • the
  • popular
  • imagination,
  • slavery
  • in
  • the
  • United
  • States
  • ended
  • with
  • Abraham
  • Lincoln’s
  • Emancipation
  • Proclamation.
  • The
  • Proclamation
  • may
  • have
  • been
  • limited—freeing
  • only
  • slaves
  • within
  • Confederate
  • states
  • who
  • were
  • able
  • to
  • make
  • their
  • way
  • to
  • Union
  • lines—but
  • it
  • is
  • nonetheless
  • generally
  • seen
  • as
  • the
  • key
  • moment,
  • with
  • Lincoln’s
  • leadership
  • setting
  • into
  • motion
  • a
  • train
  • of
  • inevitable
  • events
  • that
  • culminated
  • in
  • the
  • passage
  • of
  • an
  • outright
  • ban:
  • the
  • Thirteenth
  • Amendment.The
  • real
  • story,
  • however,
  • is
  • much
  • more
  • complicated—and
  • dramatic—than
  • that.
  • With
  • Who
  • Freed
  • the
  • Slaves?,
  • distinguished
  • historian
  • Leonard
  • L.
  • Richards
  • tells
  • the
  • little-known
  • story
  • of
  • the
  • battle
  • over
  • the
  • Thirteenth
  • Amendment,
  • and
  • of
  • James
  • Ashley,
  • the
  • unsung
  • Ohio
  • congressman
  • who
  • proposed
  • the
  • amendment
  • and
  • steered
  • it
  • to
  • passage.
  • Taking
  • readers
  • to
  • the
  • floor
  • of
  • Congress
  • and
  • the
  • back
  • rooms
  • where
  • deals
  • were
  • made,
  • Richards
  • brings
  • to
  • life
  • the
  • messy
  • process
  • of
  • legislation—a
  • process
  • made
  • all
  • the
  • more
  • complicated
  • by
  • the
  • bloody
  • war
  • and
  • the
  • deep-rooted
  • fear
  • of
  • black
  • emancipation.
  • We
  • watch
  • as
  • Ashley
  • proposes,
  • fine-tunes,
  • and
  • pushes
  • the
  • amendment
  • even
  • as
  • Lincoln
  • drags
  • his
  • feet,
  • only
  • coming
  • aboard
  • and
  • providing
  • crucial
  • support
  • at
  • the
  • last
  • minute.
  • Even
  • as
  • emancipation
  • became
  • the
  • law
  • of
  • the
  • land,
  • Richards
  • shows,
  • its
  • opponents
  • were
  • already
  • regrouping,
  • beginning
  • what
  • would
  • become
  • a
  • decades-long—and
  • largely
  • successful—fight
  • to
  • limit
  • the
  • amendment’s
  • impact.Who
  • Freed
  • the
  • Slaves?
  • is
  • a
  • masterwork
  • of
  • American
  • history,
  • presenting
  • a
  • surprising,
  • nuanced
  • portrayal
  • of
  • a
  • crucial
  • moment
  • for
  • the
  • nation,
  • one
  • whose
  • effects
  • are
  • still
  • being
  • felt today.
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